Method and apparatus for vehicle guidance



Dec. 3, 1963 B. R. GARDNER 3,113306 METHoD AND APPARATus For* vEHIcLE cuIDANcE Original Filed July 9, 1956 12 SheetS-Sheet 3 7' rave/ 10,000

INVENTOR. BEN R. GRD/VER 12 Sheets-Slheet 5 I Dec. 3, '1963 B. R. GARDNER METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VEHICLE GUIDANCE Original Filed July 9, 1956 INVENT OR. BEN R. GRD/VER TTORNEX Dec. 3, 1963 B. R. GARDNER ME'rHoD AND APPARATus FoR vEHIcLE GUIDANCE Original Filed July 9, 1956 INVENTOR BIE/V R. GRDNER y 3, 1963 B. R. GARDNER METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VEHICLE GUIDANCE 12 Sheets-Sheet 8 Original Filed Jly 9, 1956 m QS INVENTOR. BEN R. GRDNER Ww TTOR/VEX 12 Sheets-Sheet 9 Ramov b/7 Fi/ 'r Al'rcraff Pasifi'an B. R. GARDNER METHoD AND APPARATus Fon vEHIcLE GUIDANcE 50m invorfad Differonco Dec. 3, 1963 Original Filed July 9, 1956 INVENTOR. BEN R. GRDNEH KW TTOR/VEX Dec. 3, 1963 B. R. GARDNER METHoD AND APPARATus FoR vEHIcLE GUIDANcE Original Filed July 9, 1956 NN .ut

12 lShee'cs-Shee'c 10 IN VEN TOR BEN R. GRDNER 3, 1963 B. R. GARDNER 3,l13,306 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VEHICLE GUIDANCE Original Filed July 9, 1956 12 Sheets-Sheet 11 3, 1963 B. R. GARDNER METHoD AND APPARATus FOR vEHIcLE GuIDANcE 12 Sheets-Sheet 12 Original Filed July 9, 1956 INVENTOR. BE/V R GRD/VER BY (75,44.

ATTORNEX United States Patent O 3 113,306 METHOD AND AP'ARATUS EGR VEHICLE GUIDANCE Ben R. Gardner, 11.0. Box 1267, Raneho Santa Fe, Calif. Continuation of application Ser. No.. 596,520, July 9, 1956. This application Aug. 1, 1960, Ser. No. 47,346 28 Claims. (Cl. 343 7) This invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining the position of a moving vehicle With respect |to a predetermined path. More particularly, it rel'ates -to .a system for guiding a vehicle using waveform-matching techniques, wherein the position of the moving vehicle i's continuously compared 'with information stored in a record carried by the vehicle. Thus the moving vehicle may be guided along -a predetermined path by continuous comp'arison of received information indicating the vehicleis present position With information previously recorded, using the error signal developed by the comparison to control the heading and, if clesired, the speed of the moving vehicle.

This application is a continuation of my United States copendng application Serial No. 596,520, filed July 9, 1956, now abandoned.

Map-matching systems have heretofore been used for guidance of moving Vehicles, and in particular for air- Craft. `ln general, such systems operate in the following manner. A photographic record is prep'ared of the signals which a radar carried by the aircraft 'would display at each point along the path if the vehicle were on course. Such records may be made in 'a number of ways, the simplest of which is to make an actual reconnaissance -flight over the path to be traversed with a radar-equipped vehicle and continuously photograph the signals displayed by the radar. Such a record may also be prepared by constructe'd an analogue of the terrain that Would be seen by an aircraft fiying the predetermined path from reconnais-sance photographs and maps. This analogue is construct-ed in a tank filled with water, and a 'sonic radar, i.e. 1a pulsed sonar with a narrow beam is pulled through :the water-filled'tank. The analogous targets in the tank respond to the sound Waves emitted by the sonar in the same way as true targets reflect electro-magnetic energy from a radar. Thus a "synthetic record may be |constructed which is similar to the actual record. When it is desired to guide the aircraft along the chosen path, app'aratus in the aircraft optically compares the targets dispayed by the aircraft radar with those of the recorded photographs and controls the vehicle to insure that it travels the predetermined path.

While systems of this type operate satisfactorily, the equipment required to perform the guidance task is complex, heavy and expensive. Since such systems utilize direct co-mparison of a radar display and photographs of the desired display, it is necessary that the radar system display the information it collects in conventi'onal fashion, -as on a plan position indicator. This means that a large number of re'solvable elements must 'be displayed to obtain the rel'atively small amount of information required for guidance. To handle this large amount of information in 'a serial fashion the system must have a wide band width, which increases the noise and extraneous information.

There -are problems 'also with the use of a photographic record. The iilm must be processed with extreme care to avoid shrinkage and consequent distortion of the image. which is stored in discrete steps While the rad-ar display is constan'tly changing as the aircraft mowes. Thus the record on the film and the display match at only one instant of time or position in space. At 'all other times The photographic record provides 'an image ICC 2 they are mismatched and only approximate guidance can take place.

Also, in prior systems of ythe type described, it was usually necessary to '*filter the radar informationbecause of target position instabilities on the plan position indicator. These resulted from sweep jitter and instabilities in the azimuth servo. Filtering Was accomplished 'by either developing the film to produce a poor grey scale so that all targets above a given level appeared dark, While those below this level did not `appear aft all or 'by inserting low .pass fi-lters in the video input lead to the plan position indicator. These filtering techniques resulted in some degradation in system performance.

Accordingly, 'to overcome these and other problems associated with prior systems it is a principal object of my invention to provide a system, using improved appanatus and methods for determining the 'position of a moving vehicle with respect to a predetermined path using Waveform-matching rather than map-matching techniques in which the stored information is continuously recorded. Another object of my invention is to provide a system of the type described useful in guiding a moving vehicle along a predetermined path and capable of controlling both vehicle heading and Velocity. Another object of my invention is to provide a system 'of 'the type described which automatically separates stable, useful targets for vehicle guidance from usable targets and noise. Still another object of my invention is to provide a system of the Vtype described which is rel-atively simple and free from the equipment complexity heretofore required in map-matching systems. A further object of my invention is to provide an improved method for determining the position of 'a moving 'vehicle With respect to a predetermined path which rutilizes the Doppler shift in frequency ;and the rate of change of vDoppler shift in frequency -in signais 'tr-ansmitted from the vehicle and reflected by ground targets thereto. Still another object of my invention is to provide a system of the type described wherein the recorded data to be 'used may be easily obtained and recorded by a single reconnaissance trip over the path 'which the guided vehicle is to travel. Yet another object of my invention is to provide a system of the type described which provides data as to deviation of the vehicle from the predetermined path both in velocity 'and direct'ion. A further object of my invention is to provide a system of the type 'described in which, during guidance, |the rate of taking data from the record may be roadily varied to obviate the requirement for travelling the predetermined path at exactly the same speed as when the data were taken. A further object of my in'vention is to provide a system of the type described which sim'ultaneously and continuously 'observes the returns from all targets within its range 'and antenna 'il'lumination Still another object of my invention is to provide an improved system of the above character for use in gu'iding aircraft along a pr-edetermined fi'ight path. Yet another object of my invention is to provide an improved system of the above char'acter for u-se in guiding aircraft during blind landings. A -s-till ,further object of my inventi-on is to provide an improved system for use in guiding Ships or submarines over predetermined paths, particularly in or about coast lines or harb'ors. A final stated object of my invention is to provide an improved system and method of the type described 'whose output signals are readily usable with conventional auto-pilots as used with aircraft, Ships and other Vehicles. Other objects of my invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter. V

The invention accordingly comprises the several Steps 'and the relation of one or more of such Steps with respect to each of the others, and the -apparatus embodying the features of construction, combinations of elements, and

3 arrangements of parts which are adapted to effect all such Steps, all :as exernplified in the following detailed disclosure; the scope of the invention will be indicated in the cl'aims.

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIGURE l is an illustration of the Doppler effect in Signals refiected from stationary targets back to a signal source located on a moving vehicle;

FIGURE 2 is a block diagram illustrating the basic apparatus used to record the variations in Doppler signals from refiected targets during a reconnaissance trip over a selected path;

FIGURE 3 is a block diagram of basic guidance apparatus for guiding a vehicle over a predeterrnined path using the record obtained during the reconnaissance trip;

FIGURE 4 is a charge showing the relative location of points of equal Doppler frequency shift in a reflected signal returned to a moving vehicle, and will be herein termed a Doppler mosaic;

FIGURE 5 is a more detailed block diagram of the equipment shown in FIGURE 2;

FIGURE 6 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system which may be used for guiding a vehicle along a predetermined path using the reconnaissance information obtained from the apparatus of FIGURE 5;

FIGURE 7 is a block diagram illustrating the transmitter and local oscillator frequency control circuit used in the apparatus of FIGURE 6;

FIGURE 8 is a block diagram of the frequency discrirninator used in the apparatus of FGURE 6;

FIGURES 9a, b and c are graphs illustrating the operation of the frequency discriminator of FIGURE 8 in determining fore and aft deviations along the guidance path;

FIGURE 10 is a Schematic diagram of one type of electrical circuit which could be used for the frequency discriminator of FGURE 8;

FIGURES 11a, b and c are diagrarns illustrating the operation of the frequency discriminator in determining right-left and altitude deviations from the guidance path;

FEGURE 12 is a circuit diagram, partially in block diagram form, and partially in schematic form of the Velocity stabilizing and measuring circuits illustrated in the embodiment of FIGURE 7;

FIGURE 13 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of apparatus for guidance of a vehicle made according to my invention, which utilizes time-sharing to minimize the required equipment; and

FIGURE 14 is a diagram, partially pictorial and partially in block diagram form, of the time-Sharing switch of the ernbodiment of FGURE 13.

Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

in general, my invention utilizes the Doppler Shift in frequency of a signal transmitted from a moving vehicle and refiected from Stationary targets back to a receiver in the vehicle to guide the vehicle along a predetermined path. As will be explained below, both the magnitude and the rate of change of the Shift in frequency are utilized.

For simplicity of explanation, my invention will be described in terms of aircraft guidance, it being understood that it can also be utilized for the other types of Vehicles, o g. land Vehicles and Ships.

The Doppler Shift in frequency as a result of relative motion between an observer and a source of a signal has been observed both in sonic and electromagnetic signals, i.e. radio and radar signals. As the observer moves toward a signal source, the frequency of the signal which the observer receives appears higher to him than if he were Standing still; Similarly, as he moves away from a signal source, the frequency appears lower than if he were stationary. In the case of a group of stationary objects illuminated by a signal transmitted from a moving vehicle and refiecting a portion thereof back to the vehicle, each of the objects (hereinafter called targets) is in effect a signal source. When this received signal is compared in the vehicle with the frequency of the transmitted signal, both the magnitude and direction as well as rate of change of frequency Shift may be measured and used to determine the position of the target with respect to the vehicle. This difference frequency in signals reflected from fixed targets to a moving vehicle depends upon the frequency of the transmitted signal and the relative closing Velocity of the vehicle and the target. Thus the Doppler Shift will be greatest in signals refiected from targets a substantial distance ahead and a substantial distance behind the vehicle, because the relative motion of these targets with respect to the moving vehicle is then greatest. Targets a substantial distance ahead of the vehicle Will refiect a higher frequency than the transmitted frequency, while hose a substantial distance behind the vehicle will refiect a frequency which is lower than the transmitted frequency. Tar'fets directly abeam of the transmitting vehicle will reflect a signal at the transmitted frequency, since they have no component of relative motion either toward or away from the vehicle.

ln FIGURE l there are diagrammatically illustrated the Doppler signals which would be received by an aircraft following the path indicated past the targets 2, 4, 6, S and E0, the frequency of each signal being plotted directly below the targets reflecting it. The horizontal axis represents the positive of the aircraft and the Vertical axis the frequency of the signal received thereby. The center line Ft of the graph, represents the transmitted frequency. The upper line, Ft--Fd represents the maximum frequency received by the aircraft, i.e. the signal return from a target a relatively long distance ahead of the vehicle including the maximum Doppler frequency Fd. The lower line Ft-Fcb represents the minimum frequency received by the aircraft, i.e. the return from a target a relatively long distance behind the vehicle. At the point A on the aircraft path, when all targets are a substantial distance ahead of the aircraft, all targets will return the maximum frequency, i.e. the Doppler Shift will be in the positive direction and add to the transmitted frequency resulting in a maximum frequency return. As the aircraft moves along the path and approaches closer to target 2 the frequency begins to drop until the aircraft is immediately over the target when the target is returning a signal identical in frequency to that transmitted. As the aircraft proceeds further along the path toward the position B, the return from target Z drops below the transmitted frequency until it reaches the minimum frequency or maximum negative Doppler Shift in frequency. This same process occurs with the other targets as the aircraft moves towards them, passes directly abeam, and then leaves each target behind. it is important to note that although the signal from each target shifts in frequency from the same maximum positive value, F t-l-F d, to the same maximum negative value, Ft-F the rate of change of frequency with aircraft position, i.e. the slope of the target return lines in FIGURE 1, is inversely proportional to the distance of the target from the aircraft path. rfarget Z lieS closest to the aircraft path and consequently the slope of the target return line is fairly steep. Target 6 on the other hand, is furthest from the aircraft path and its slope is therefore the shallowest. lt should be noted that the Shape of the curve of Doppler frequency plotted as a function of time not only in the central refiion, but at all points of the curve, is unique for a particular target range from the flight path. Thus the rate of change of the Doppler frequency Shift is a measure of the distance of the target from the path of movement of the moving vehicle. AS has been previously mentioned, the received signal from any target is exactly the transmitted frequency when there is no relative n'lotion between vehicle and target, i.e. when the target is abearn or at right angles to the line of motion of the aircraft. From the plot of Doppler returns in FIGURE 1, it is possible to determine the range of a target from the slope of the plotted returns. Also the relative bearing of any target with respect to the moving aircraft may be determined since at the time the signal returned by the target exactly equals the transmitted frequency the target is abeam of the aircraft. It is thus possible to uniquely determine the position of any target with respect to the moving aircraft, and conversely, knowing the targets, it is possible to determine the relative position of the moving aircraft with respect to them. It should be noted that as the aircraft proceeds along its path, it is at any given instant receiving many signals which are characteristic of v that particular position. As shown in the simplified diagram of FIGURE 1, when the aircraft is directly abeam of target 4 it is receiving a signal at the maximum Doppler frequency from targets 8 and 10 which are at that point substantially ahead of the aircraft. It is also receiving a second signal at a frequency Somewhere between the transmitted frequency and the maximum frequency from target 6. It is receiving another signal at the transmitted frequency from target 4 and another signal at the minimum frequency from target Z. In a similar fashion any position along the aircraft path may be characterized by a group of received signals reflected from targets illuminated by a transmitter carried in the aircraft. There is a possibility of a right-left ambiguity, i.e. the aircraft cannot determine from the information presented in FIG- URE 1 whether the target lies on its right or its left. However, this can be corrected by the use of a two antenna system in which one antenna illuminates and receives signals from targets to the right of the aircraft and the other side illuminates and receives signals from targets to the left.

To guide an aircraft along a predetermined path it is necessary to have a record of the signals which it should see as it moves along the path to compare with those actually received. By such comparison, it is possible to determine the relative position of the aircraft with respect to the targets and automatic control or other devices can then maintain the aircraft on the desired path. The simplest way to obtain this record is to fiy a reconnaissance fiight along the desired path. The block diagram of FEGURE 2 shows equipment which may be used to provide such a record on a magnetic tape recorder or other signal storage device. As shown therein a transmitter 12 in the aircraft transmits an electromagnetic signal of appropriate frequency through a directional coupler 14 to an antenna 16 which radiates the transmitted signal toward the ground terrain in the vicinty of the aircraft. The signals refiected by the targets on the ground, i.e. lakes, buildings, towers, etc., are received by antenna 16 and are returned through coupler 14 to a receiver 18. As shown in FIGURE 2, a portion of the transmitted signal is also fed to receiver 18, where incoming signals are compared in frequency with the transmitted signal. The output signal from the receiver is the difference between the transmitted signal and the received signal; this signal is passed through low pass filter 20 which passes only the Doppler components and these are stored in a signal storage unit 22 such as a magnetic tape recorder. At the same time, altitude information may be recorded on the tape from a suitable altimeter 24 and the aircraft Velocity may also be recorded from its airspeed indicator 26 if desired.

FIGURE 3 is a block diagram of the apparatus which utilizes the information in the storage unit to guide the aircraft.l As shown therein, the transmitter 12 may be used to illuminate the terrain below and surrounding the aircraft. For simplicity only one antenna is shown, although in practice a right and left antenna would probably be used. The signals received by antenna 16 are again compared with the transmitted signal frequency in receiver 18 and the Doppler diferences are fed through a band pass filter 28 to a signal comparison circuit 30. At the same time, signals are fed from signal storage unit 22 to signal comparison circuit 30 and there compared with the received signals. The output signal from signal comparison circuit 30 which is proportional to the difference in Doppler deviation of the received and stored signals, is fed through an averaging circuit 32 to an indicating circuit 34', or it may be connected to an autopilot to guide the aircraft. The Velocity and altitude signals are also read from the tape and fed either vto indicators 36 and 38, or used as input signals to an autopilot. As will be described in more detail below, both altitude and velocity information may be obtained from the comparison of the recorded and received signals if desired. If this is done, of course, the sources of altitude and Velocity information 24 and 2-6 in FIGURE 2 would not be used,

and the altitude and Velocity indicators So and 38 would be fed from signal comparison circuit 30.

To obtain a more complete understanding of the method and apparatus of my invention, reference should be made to FIGURE 4, which shows a typical Doppler mosaic for a vehicle moving with respect to stationary targets. For illustrative purposes, the mosaic is constracted for an aircraft flying along a straight line at a ve'iocity of 360 miles per hour and at an altitude of Vone mile. The aircraft is assumed to be equipped with a transmitter transmitting at a frequency of 9.25 kilomegacycles. Calculation will show that the maximum Doppler shift in frequency received by such an aircraft from a stationary ground target will be 10,000 cycles when the target is substantially dead ahead or astern. In FIG- URE 4, the aircraft is assumed to be at the point C and fiying from left to right along the straight line passing through the center of the mosaic. The concentric'circles centered at the point C represent ground ranges of one, two, three, four and five miles respectively from a point on the earths surface immediately below the aircraft. The various curved lines represent the loci of ground targets which would return the same frequency to a receiver in the aircraft when illuminated by the aircraffs transmitter. These curved lines, which are hyperbolic in Shape, represent the intersection of a plurality of cones whose axes lie along the aircraft Velocity vector with the ground terrain. For a given Doppler frequency, the cone angle is a function both of aircraft Velocity and transmitter frequency. As shown, the lines are drawn for equal Doppler frequency increments.

This Doppler mosaic should be considered as moving with 'the aircraft. Thus when the aircraft was substan- 'tially af-t of 'the position indicated with respect to target 40, this target was returning a frequency 10,000 cycles higher than 'the transmitted frequency. As' the aircraft approached its present position target 40' passed the 9,000 cycle line and at the time shown in the diagram the Doppler frequency reflected by target 40 had dropped to 8,000 cycles. As the aircnaft continues to move, target 40 will move in a straight line to the left in the mosaic and the frequency refiected therefrom will continue to drop, until at the point where it is directly -abeam of the aircraft the received frequency will be exactly'e'qual to the transmitted frequency. As target 401 continues to move aft in relation 'to the aircraft, the refiected frequency will be lower than the transmitted frequency and will deorease -to a maximum of 10,000 cycles below the transmitted frequency when it is at la substantial distance, i.e. 10' miles aft of the aircraft. From FIGURE 4 it is obvious that a itarget which lies immediately under the aircraft 'will have a very rapid rate of change of frequency while a target which lies substantially to one side or'the other of the aircraffs flight path Will have a somewhat slower change from the maximum positive to 'the maximum negative frequency. This is in -accordance with FIGURE 1 wherein the rate of change of the signal reflected from [target 6 was rather slow as compiared to target 2, target 6 being a substantial distance from the flight path and target 2 lyin-g imrnediately under it.

In connection with FIGURE 1, it was stated that it was possible to determine the position of a target with respect to a moving aircraft by observing the rate of change of frequency and the time when the Doppler frequency passes through zero. The rate of change of frequency determines range, and the time When the Doppler frequency passes through zero is the time the target is directly abeam of the aircraft.

However, from FIGURE 3, it will be noted that the frequency of a targe't return at any time determines a line on the mosaic on which the target is located. As has been previously mentioned, the rate of change of Doppler frequency at any time and not just in the vicinity of the zero Doppler frequency, 'is uniquely determined by the range of the target for any given frequency. If these data are known, it is possible to uniquely determine target position with respect to a moving aircraft without waiting for the aircraft to' fiy abeam of the target. The system of my invention uses this latter more `generalized method to determine the location of the aircraft with respect to the target.

It is proposed that for `guidance purposes, a record will be prepared indicating the frequencies which an aircraft or other vehicle traveling a predetermined path will receive when it is flying on -the correct path. This record is compared at the proper time during guidance with the frequency actually being received from the various targets in the Doppler mosaic, FIGURE 4, and the frequency difference is used to indicate deviations in position of the vehicle.

From an exarnination of the mosaic it can be seen that the signals received from targets in various areas of the mosaic have different uses depending upon their relative positions in the mosaic. For example, the lines of equal Doppler frequency shift in the central portion of the mosaic -5000 to 5000 cycles) tend to be suhstantially at right angles to 'the line of flight of the aircraft, while those at the higher Dop-pler frequencies (5000 to 10,000 cycles, and 5000 to 10,000 cycles) tend to be more nearly parallel to the aircraft path. When it is re'alized 'that during guidance a measured frequency difference between the received signal and the record in the aircraft indicates only a deviation in target position normal to the line of the Doppler mosaic at the target location, it is apparent that the mid-band frequencies, i.e. 5000 to 5000 cycles, are useful chiefiy in indicating fore and aft deviations. Correspondingly, the lines of the mosaic which correspond to the higher frequencies are primarily useful for determining lateral (right-left) deviations of the aircraft from its fiight path. lt should be noted, however, that iall the lines of equal Doppler frequency deviation cross the flight path at right angles thereto. Thus, in the immediate vicinity of the path, all frequencies are useful in determining fore and aft deviations, and -in some applications, all may be used.

Another problem which is present in using the mosaic information is the so-called right-left ambiguity. Referring to the mosaic, if target 40, which lies to the left of the flight path, appeared as shown during the reconnaissance fiight but during guidance the aircraft is off course to the right one mile, target 40 will appear at the position 40' during guidance at the time that the recording indicates its position at 40. It will thus return a lower frequency than it did during the reconn'aissance flight. If on the other hand, the aircraft is flying one mile to the left of the prescrbed course during guidance, target 42, which lies |to the right of the flight path, will appear at the position 42' and also return a lower frequency. Thus target 40 on the left side of the fiight path indicates a right deviation by a lower frequency return, while target 42 on the right hand side of the aircraft indicates a left hand deviation also by a lower received frequency. Therefore, to measure right-left deviations it is necessary to keep the returns from targets to the left of the fiight path separated from those to the right of the fiight path.

In the same manner that target 40 returns a lower frequency for a right hand deviation, target 46, which is in the area to the rear and to the right of the aircraft, will also return a lower frequency (increase in negative Doppler deviation) for a right hand deviation when it has shifted to the position 46'. Thus returns from the forward left hand area in which target 40 is located and the rear right hand area, in which target 46 is located may be combined, since they have the same lateral "sense, i.e. for a given lateral deviation, the frequency changes in the signals returned by the two targets is in the same direction. In a similar fashion, signals from the rear left hand area in which target 44 is located may be com- 'bined with those from the forward right hand area in which target 42 is located since they also have the same lateral sense. The high and low frequency signals from the forward and rear areas of each side may be separated by simple band pass filters and combined at the filter outputs in 1a manner to be described.

FTGURE 5 illustrates in block diagram form, the equipment which could be used in an aircraft to obtain and record the reconnaissance information to be later used for guidance. Transmitter 50, of conventional design, generates a continuous, stable signal at 9250 megacycles, the transmitter tube being preferably a ldystron, iliustratively a type VA-23 two resonator oscillator. For simplicity of explanation, the transmitted signal is described as continuous, although it could be modulated if desired. The transmitter signal is conducted through directional coupler 52 to omnidirectional antenna 5-4,, to illuminate the terrain below the aircraft. The various features of this terrain, when illuminated by the signal from antenna 54 refiect a portion back to the aircraft to be received by this same antenna and the signal returns are conducted back through coupler 52 to the receiver generally indicated at 8. Because of the motion of the aircraft the received signal is Doppler modulated as heretofore described, the modulation from any given target being dependent upon the relative position of the target in the Doppler mosaic as well as the speed of the aircraft and the transmitting frequency. The received signal may be amplified in conventional radio frequency amplifier 56, which at these frequencies would be a traveling wave tube or the like, and then fed to converter-deteetor unit 58. Unit 58 mixes the received signal with a portion of the transmitted signal, and in a conventional fashion produces an output whose frequency is the sum and difference between the frequencies of the received and transmitted signals. The difference frequency signal at the output of converter-detector 58 will contain only the Doppler components, since the received signal is substantially identical with the transmitted signal except for these components. Doppler components are separated from the difference frequency signals after amplification by amplifier 60 by passing the signals through low pass filter 61 having a cut-off frequency of 10 kilocycles, the highest Doppler frequency expected. The output of filter of is fed to a signal storage unit, in this case llustratively shown as a tape recorder 62. The signal recorded by the tape recorder comprises a plurality of audio-frequency signals, there being one signal for each target which reflects sufficient signal for the receiver to detect. Each of these signals varies in frequency from 10 kilocycles to zero, and then, changing phase, goes from zero to 10 kilocycles again, in the manner shown in FIGURE 1. With the change in phase, the signal subtracts from the transmitted signal.

Velocity and altitude information may also be recorded on the tape as described above. Additionally, Velocity information may also be obtained directly from the recorded signal. By observing the maximum Doppler frequency signal returned at any time, with a constant transmitted frequency, Velocity may be readily determined 9 since the maximum Doppler frequency is directly dependent upon Velocity.

It is also possible to obtain the reconnaissance information without an actual tlight by Constructing a sonic analogue. In this Case a sound generator and receiver are towed through a tank filled with water, in which are placed glass beads or other reflecting material corresponding to the positions of stable targets which would be received by an aircraft following the desired route. By adjusting the frequency of sound transmitted from a sound transmitter, and the speed of the sound transmitter and receiver through the tank, it is possible to record from the sound receiver a nearly exact analogue of the signals which Would be received by the aircraft. Records for either immediate or later use in guidance also may be generated synthetically by computer control of a bank of audio oscillators or similar apparatus.

Turning now to FIGURE 6, I have here illustrated in block diagram form a specific embodiment of apparatus which may be used to guide an aircraft according to the principle of my invention. This embodiment is designed, for illustrative purposes, to operate at a frequency of 9250 megacycles, the same frequency for which the Doppler mosaic of FIGURE 4 was drawn.

During guidance two antennas, 68 and 70, are used, antenna 68 illuminating the terrain to the left of the aircraft while antenna '70 illuminates the terrain to the right. To minimize drag on high speed aircraft, these autennas may be of the slotted type. By keeping the received signals from the right and left hand Sections of the illuminated terrain separated, the right-left ambiguity previously discussed is avoided. Transmitter 72, local oscillator '74 which operates at a frequency 50 kilocycles below the transmitter frequency, and their associated control cirCuit comprise the guidance transmitter generally indicated at '76. As shown in FIGURE 6, transmitter 72, which at these frequencies could be a reflex klystron of the same type as used in the reconnaissance equipment, feeds its signal through directional couplers 78 and 8th to anten.- nas 63 and 70. The transmitter also feeds its signal to a conventional mixer 82 which is preferably of the crystal diode type. The signal of local oscillator 74 also a reflex klystron, such as type VA-203B, is also fed to the mixer 82; the output of the mixer is filtered by a band pass filter 84 having a narrow bandwidth Centered at 50 kilocycles and fed to a phase discriminator Circuit 85 to which the output of a 50 kilocycle crystal Controlled oscillator 88 is also Conducted. VThe 50 kilocycle signal from oscillator 88 and the 50 kilocycle signal from mixer 82 passed by the band pass filter 84 are Compared in phase discriminator 89 and the output, which in magnitude and direction is a measure of the difference between the 50 kilocycle crystal oscillator signal and the signal from the mixer, is fed to frequency control Circuit 9% to Control the frequency of local oscillator 74.

FIGURE 7 is a schematic diagram of one Circuit which Could be used to perform the phase discriminator and frequency control functions at a frequency of 9250 megacycles. As shown therein, the output from mixer 82 passed by band pass filter 84 is fed to the primary 92 of the transformer generally indicated at 94. Similarly, the output from Crystal oscillator 88 is fed to the primary 96 of the transformer generally indicated at 98. The secondary 100 of transformer 94 and each half of the secondary 102 of transformer 98 are connected in series With each other and with diodes 104 and 106 and the RC filters comprising resistor 108 in parallel with Condenser 110, and resistor 112 in parallel with Condenser 114.

The signal appearing on secondary winding 100 of transformer 94 acts as a keying voltage permitting conduction of diodes 104 and 105 only during the half-cycle of the signal from filter 84 when their plates 10451 and 1105r: are positive with respect to their cathodes 1041 and 106b. The signal from crystal Controlled oscillator 88 is fed to each of the diodes in opposite phase. VThus, the output signal appearing across resistors 108 and 112 will be zero only when each diode conducts for one half of the total time that they are keyed on by the signal appearing on winding 100. This occurs only when the signal from oscillator 88 is exactly out of phase, either lagging or leading, with the keying signal. Accordingly, the total voltage appearing across both resistors 108 and 112 is a measure of the phase difference between the two input signals.

The output of phase discrminator 86 is applied to a conventional DC. amplifier used as a frequency control Circuit. The amplifier includes triode 116, the cathode 11611 of which is connected via a relatively small resistor 118 to a rather large negative potential, illustratively supplied by battery 120. The output of phase` discriminator 86 is connected between grid resistor 121 and the neg^- tive tetrmlnal 'of battery 120. Plate 1161? of tri-ode llt is connected via plate resistor 122 tothe movable arm 124 of potentiometer 126. One end of resistance element 123 of potentiometer 125 is connected to ground and the other to fixed resistor 130. Both resistance element 128 and resistor 100 are of comparable magnitude, and very much larger than cathode resistor 118. Thus almost -the entire negative potential of battery 122 will appear across resistor 130' and resistance element 128. By adjusting movable arm 124 of potentiometer 1%, the plate voltage of 'tube 11% and the repeller voltage of reflex klystron 134i' to which plate -116c is Connected may be initially adjusted to obtain the desred 50 lcilocycl'e frequency difference between transniitter and local oscillator. r[hereafter frequency variations will be oontrolled by variations in direct plate potential of tube 116 re-sponsive to variations in the output ef phase dis- Criminator 86, to maintain local 'oscillator '74 at a frequency exactly 50 kilocycles separated 'from the transmitter ffrequency.

Returning 'to FIGURE 6, the signals received by antennas 68 and 70 are coupled through Vdirect couplers 78 and 30 to radio frequency amplifiers 135 and 136 associated with the left and right receivers respectively. After amp'lifi-cation the radio frequency arnplifier output signals which may, as mentioned above, contain a plurali'ty of Doppler components, are m'ived in mixers 138 and 140' with the output signal of local oscillator 74. Mixers 138 and 140 may be of my conventional type, and are preferably germanium or silicon diodes. The output of the ner contains the same Dopplcr modulation components as did the received signal, now grouped around a 50 kilocycle intermediate frequency carrier. The outpufts of mixers 138 and 140 are fed to intermediate frequency amplifiers M2 and 144 for amplification, and the amplified signals are 'fed to a bank of band pass filters 14-5, 146, 1418, 15h and 152. As previously explained, the Doppiler frequencies from 5000 cycles to 5000 cycles are primarily useful -in determiniug fore and aft deviations, and it is not important whether they are on the right hand or the left hand side of the desired flight path. Accordingly, the outputs of the ampl'ifiers 142 and 144- are both filtered by band pass filter 15-2, which has a bandwidth of 45 to 55 kilocycles, and fed to the fore-aft signal comparison Circuit generally indicated at 154. Signal comparison circuit 154 comprises a mixer 156 and a frequency discriminator 158 W'hich is similar in operation to vthe Round-Travis type. It compares the signals from band pass filter 152 with the components `of the recorded signal below 50100 cycles passed by low pass filter 160..

The operation of :signal compari'son Circuit 154 to extract information from the received signal indicating a deviati'on in position of the airc'raft in the fore and aft direction Can best be underst-o-od by reference to FGURES 8, 9 and 10. As seen in FGURE 8 `(Sheet 4 of the drawings), both the intermediate frequency signal, modulated with the Doppler components, and the recorded signal which has been passed through low pass filter 16% from the tape recorder are fed to mixer 156. Mixer 1552 is of the square law type and produces an output signal which contains several components at different frequencies. One of these components has a frequency which is the sum of the frequencies of the two input signals and another has a frequency which is the difference between the frequencies of the two input signals.

The amplitude of the sum and difference frequency components in 'the mixer output is proportional to the product of the amplitudes of the two input signals to the mixer, the received signal and the recorded signal. Thus if a recorded signal is spurious or trans'itory, so that there is no corresponding received signal, the mixer will not produce a sum or difference frequency output corresponding to this recorded signal, as the received signal will be Zero at the -time the recorded signal is fed to the mixer. rll'he same situation will be true if a spurious or transitory signal is received during guidance, for which there is no corresponding recorded signal. Thus signals from unstable targets, or other spurious signals are elimina-ted, and only information from the useful .stable targets is used for guidance.

The output of the mixer is fed to frequency discrirninator 153 which includes two band pass filters 162 and 164. The total bandwidth A of filters ld` and lf; is centered at 50 kilocycles. Band pass filter 162 'nas a pass band extending from A 50 lnlocycles--- to an upper frequency limit of 50 1nilocycles, while band pass filter 164 has a bandwidth from Si) liiocycles to 50 kilocycles+ The total bandwidth A of the two filters is made wide enough 'to accommodate the largest frequency difference between the recorded signal and the Doppler component of the received signal to which it is desired that the system be Sensitive. Thus, for blind landing systems, where very little guidance error is desirab'le, the bandwidth A Would be made small, e.g. cycles. However, for guidance over long distances where greater error in position is permissible, the bandwidth A may be wideneu to 50 or 100 cycles. Wider bandwidths, which permit greater error, also permit greater latitude in establishing initial lock-on of the Lmidance system. rfhe characteristics of filters -162 and 165.' may bc shaped if desired for particular emphasis of low frequency or high frequency differences between the received and recorded signals.

The outputs of band pass filters E62 and 164:, are fed to conventional detectors 1-56 and 168, which eonvert their output signals to varying direct voltages. rEhe detector signals are then fed to difference circuit 17%, which provides an output signal proportional to the difference in amplitude of the two detector signals. This difference signal is then fed to averaging circuit 172- and from there either to an indicator, an auto-pilot, or like means for automatically controlling the aircraft.

The operation of frequency discrimi 153 of FGURE 8 to produce a direct voltage proportional to the difference in frequency between the Deppler components in the received signal and the stored signal can be understood by reference to the graphs of FAGURE 9 in which frequency is plotted along the Vertical axis, and position of the aircraft along the horizontal axis. FEC'- URE 9a is a graph of the recorded on the tape recorder during reconnaissance as the eircraft flew by given target. As shown therein, as the aircraft approaches the target the target is returning a Doppler frequency of 10 ldlocycles. However, as previously described, as the aircraft approaches Closer to the targe't, the Doppler frequency which the target returns drops, reaching zero when the target is directly aheam of the aircraft and then rises again to 10 kilocycles. Since only the Doppler components of the received reconnaissance signal are recorded on the tape recorder, there is no method of determining negative Doppler components, i.e. those whose phase is such that they Would subtract from the transmitted signal. Accordingly, all Dopplcr components from the tape itself are positive. As has been described, the frequencies below 5 ltilocycles are most useful for fore and aft guidance, and therefore those frequencies in the shaded area may be removed by filter Edi? before the recorded signal is fed to mixer 156.

FIGURE 9b is a graph showing the received signal from the same target during guidance. This signal has the same Shape as the signal returns of FEGURE l. lt varies from 60 kilocycles when the target is a substantial distance ahead of the aircraft to 40 lcilocycles when the target is a substantial distance behind it, passing through 5'3 kilocycles, the intermediate frequency, when the target is directly abeam of the aircraft. All frequencies above 55 kilocycles and below 45 kilocycles may be removcd from the input to mixer 156 by band pass filter 152. Thus only the solid line portion is transmitted by filter 152. to mixer 155 When the aircraft is in its proper fore and aft position.

it is readily apparent that if the aircraft is on course in the fore and aft sense, prior to the time the target passes abc-am of the aircraft, the difference frequency signal between the signal of FEGURE 9a and the signal represented by the solid line of FIGURE 9b would be a signal at a frequency of 50 kilocycles. Similarly subsequent to the time the target passes abeam of the aircraft the difference signal would decrease in frequency at a rate twice that of the signal of FIGURE 9b. lf the sum of the frequencies of two signals were plottcd as a function of time, the result would be a signal rapidly decreasing in frequency to the time the aircraft passed abeam of the target, reachng 50 kilocycies at that time, and thereafter a signal at a frequency of exactly 50 kilocycles. These two signals would produce a zero output from discriminator circuit 153. The 50 kilocycle signal, being at the '*center frequency of the discriminator Would produce equal signals from each of the filters 162 and 164 which Would cancel. The average signal produced by the rapidly changing *sum signal before the target passes abeam of the aircraft would be etfectively cancelled by the average value of the "di'rference signal after the aircraft passes the target. Thus discriminator 153 would produce a zero output indicating that the aircraft was on course.

However, if the aircraft is slightly aft of the course which it should be fiying, the received signal will be slightly late with respect to that received from the tape. This is illustrated by the dashed line curve in FIGURE 9b. The bandwidth of the band pass filters 162 and 164 of FIG- UREl 8 is assumed to be a total cycles, each filter having a bandwidth of 50 cycles. Thus, assuming that the frequency difference between the curve in FIGUR 9a and the retarded curve in FlGURE 9b is less than 50 cycles, the sum and difference frequency signais which Will be transmitted to the band pass filters 162 and 164 are shown in FIGURE 9c.

As shown therein, for the first portion of the curve the difference frequency signal will be greater than 50 kilocycles, rising smoothiy to a maximum value. As the received signal decreases in frequency and the signal from the tape begins to increase after passing the zero frequency point, the difference frequency begins to change very rapidly and quickly passes out of the bandwidth of discriminator l. However, the sum of the two signals, which her-etofore had been dccreasing rapid'ly, now begins to change rather slowly. Thus the plot of signals which Will be passed by the band pass filters 162 and 164 is the combination of the smooth curves shown in FIGURE 9a, the fi-rst porticn being the result of the difference in the two input signals, and the latter portion the sum of the two input signals. Since this combination of sum and difference frequency signals has an average value greater than 50 kilocycles, they will be transmitted by filter 164 and a postive direct voltage output will be produced by detector 168. The negatvie difference signal will cause a negative voltage spike from the filter 162 and detector 166. However, the average value of the combined signals will be postive, resulting in a postive output voltage. Had the aircraft during guidance been on course but somewhat forward of its proper position, then the average value of the sum and difference signals and thus the output of the discriminator would have been negative rather than postive. By connecting detector 166 to produce a postive output signal for a postive frequency difference and detector 163 to produce a negative output, the signals can be directly summed to obtain the difference signal, which will then be proportional in amplitude and direction to the fore and aft "mismatch of the aircraft position during guidance as compared to its corresponding position during the reconnaissance fiight. This signal can be fed from the difference circuit 176i to the averaging circuit 172, which for example would consist of a single capacitor, and then to the aircraft autopilot or indicator.

specific circuit which would be used for the frequency discriminator shown in block diagram form in FIGURE 8 is illustrated in schematic form in FIGURE 10. As shown therein, mixer 156 includes a transformer generally indicated at 174 having two primary Windings 176 and 178, and two secondary Windings 180 and 182. The Doppler components from the tape recorder may be fed to the winding 176, while the Doppler modulated intermediate frequency signal from both receivers, after passing through band pass filter 152, may be fed to Winding 178. Windings 180 and 182 are connected in series, and the total signal is applied to the bridge-type diode mixer generally indicated at 184. The output of mixer 184 includes the two signals whose amplitudes are proportional to the product of the amplitude of the two input signals to windings 176 and 178 and whose frequencies are the sum of the input signal frequencies and the difference of the input signal frequencies. As explained, these signals are both fed to band pass filters 162 and 164i. Filters 162 and 164 are il'lustratively shown as having Constant K pi sections With M-derived end sections, but other types of filters could, of course, be used.

' The outputs of filters 162 and 164 are fed to detectors 166 and 168 which are of the conventional Voltage doubler type. As previously described, detector 166 will provide a postive output while detector 168 will provide a negative output; these are summed in summing circuit 170 comprising two equal resistors 186 and 188, to form a difference signal. The output of the circuit 17h is fed to averaging circuit which is shown illustratively as a capacitor 190.

The averaging circuit output is fed to an indicator to indicate to the pilot whether an increase or a decrease in Velocity is necessary to remain on course. This signal may also be fed to an autopilot, which will automatically adjust the aircraft speed to keep it on course, or it may be fed to a speed control mechanism for the tape recorder. This speed control mechanism would adjust the recorder speed so that the recorded target returns would coincide with the received returns. Thus it would be unnecessary to fly the path during gudiance at exactly the same speed as it was flown during reconnaissance.

The operation of the guidance system to determine right-left deviations from the prescribed course can best be understood by referring to FGURE 6. As shown therein, the high frequency components from the left antenna and the low frequency components from the right antenna, which have the same lateral sense, are filtered by band pass filters 145 and 146 respectively, and fed to mixer 192 to which is also fed the high frequency components from tape recorder 62 passed by band pass 1d filter 194. In a similar manner, the low frequency components from the left antenna and the high frequency components from the right antenna, which also have the same lateral 'seilse for right-left deviations, are passed through filters 148 and iil` respectively, summed and fed to mixer 196 together with the output of band pass filter 194. The operation of frequency discriminators 1% and Zii'i which are substantially similar to discriminator 158 can be understood by reference to 'FGURE 11 which is a series of graphs similar to FIGURE 9*. FIG- URE 11a is a plot against aircraft position of the frequencies fed to mixer 1% or mixer 196 from band pass filter 194. The zero to 5 kilocycle components represented by the dotted portions have been removed by filter 194 for reasons previously discussed. FIGURE llb is a plot, of the return from a targe-t on the left hand side of the aircraft as a function of its position, the solid line representing the return from the target when it is exactly on course, and the dashed line representing the return from the target when the aircraft has shifted to the left of the pre-determined path. In this latter situation, the target will be closer to the aircraft and, as discussed in connection with FIGURE 1, 'the slope of the return will be steeper as shown herein. However, if the aircraft is on course in a fore and aft sense, the target wiil pass abeam of the aircraft at exactly the same time. Accordingly, the return from the aircraft on course and that from the aircraft when it has only shifted to the left of course will coincide at the 50` -kilocycle intermediate 'frequency point. As explained in connection with fore and aft discriminator, when frequency diiferences between the recorded signal and the received signal are causedby the received signal being late with respect to the recorded signal, the band pass filters of the frequency discriminator will pass the difference frequency for the first portion of the curve. This difference frequency is represented by the solid line in the left hand portion of FIG- URE llc. In this instance, where the aircraft has shifted laterally toward the target, the difference frequency is above the 50 kiiocycle intermediate frequency and will result in a postive discriminator output Voltage as previously described. After the aircraft has passed by the target however, and the sum rather than lthe difference frequency is passed by the band pass filters of the discriminator, the sum of the frequencies is a signal whose frequency is below the intermediate frequency rather than above it, and would result in a negative discriminator output voltage. This negative voltage would balance the positive voltage generated by the difierence frequency curve and result in a zero average discriminator output which Would not be useful for guidance purposes. However, if the sum is inverted, as shown by the alternate dot-dash line of FIGURE l'lc, a curve which has an average posi- -tive value, which can be used to indicate a left hand deviation is obtained. Inversion is accomplished by feeding the higher frequency left hand components to frequency discriminator 1918 of FIGURE 6 and the lower frequency signals to discriminator 2%. Discriminator 2%* has an output which is opposite in sense to that of discriminator 193 and the difference signal obtained in difference circuit 292, is a measure of the deviation.

For a right hand deviation a similar analysis would indicate that the low frequency components should be fed to frequency discriminator E198 and the high frequency components should be fed to frequency discriminator Zt'it. Thus the low frequency components from the right hand side and the high frequency components from the eft hand side can be combined as can the high frequency components from the right hand and the low frequency components from the left hand side in similar discriminators. The only difference between frequency discriminators 19% and 29% of FIGURE 6- is that one frequency discriminator, for example frequency discriminator 1%,

a has a postive detector similar to detector 196 of FIGURE 15 associated with the filter passing the frequencies between 50 ltilocycles and A being the total frequency discriminator bandwidth, and a negative detector associated with the low frequency band pass filter while the other discriminator, i.e. the frequency discriminator Ziift, has the detectors reversed. In this latter discriminator, the negative dctector is associated with the filter passing the higher frequencies and the positive discriminator with that passing the lower fiequencies. These signals are combined in the difference circuit associated With each discriminator as previously described, and combined a second time in differonce circuit 2-32. The output of difference circuit is fed to averaging circuit and from the averaging circuit either to a right-left indicator or to the aircraft autopiiot to maintain the aircraft on course.

As sh wn in FTGURE 6, the altitude information which was recorded from an altimeter is fed to an aititude indicating circuit 21h and then to an altitude indicator 2-12. However, as previously discussed, the Doppler information contained in the incoming signals may be used to determine altitude differences from the fiight path in a manner similar to that in which right-left deviations were determined. if the aircraft is on course but is fiying at an altitude below that at which it was flying during the time the reconnaisance data was obtained, all targets received by it, both those to the right and those to the left of the antenna will appear to be at a lesser range than appeared during the reconnaissance run. Accordingly, all targets will produce a curve similar to the dashed curved of FIGURE llb as compared to the signal that should have been received as shown by the solid line curve. The problem of inversion of the signal With the 'lower frequencies will be the same for both the right and the left antennas, and accordingly, the high frequency signals from both right and left antennas may be combined and fed to a discriminator, whose output is 'positive while the low frequency signals may be combined and fed to a discriminator whose output is negative. These signals may then be combined in a difference circuit to indicate altitude deviations if desired. For the purpose of clarity, this feature was not included in the embodiment of FIGURE 6. However, it is included in the time sharing embodiment of FIGURE 13 to be discussed hereinafter.

The automatic gain control circuits 214- and 2:16 of conventional design, associated with the right and the left hand receivers are used to maintain the receiver output level at a substantially constant value.

in describing the operation of my invention, it has been assu-med that the maximum Doppler frequencies from the tape recorder and those received by the aircraft are substantially equal. In practice, however, due to Variations in the aircraft Velocity as it speeds up or slows down to maintain position, or turns to right or left, the maximum and thus all the Doppler components received Will VaryI with the aircraft Velocity. Thus if the aircraft is fiying on course at the proper speed and is suddenly slowed by headwind, all received signals will drop in frequency, and targets will closer to the aircraft than indicated on the record. The return from targets aft of the aircraft in this case Would indicate that the aircraft speed should be increased, while the return from targets ahead of the aircraft Will indicate that the aircraft Velocity should be further deereased. Thus, if the operation of the system remains unchanged the information from the forward targets is in error because of this Velocity error. To eliminate this problem, the transmitter frequency is stabilized by the Velocity measuring Circuit 213 and the frequency stabilizing circuit 211i) to maintain the maximum Doppler signals received and those being fed into the .system from the tape recorder substantially identical. The operation of these circuits to provide frequency stability during guidance can best be understood by reference to FIGURE 12. As shown therein, Velocity measuring Circuit 218 receives signals from both the tape recorder and the receiver. The tape recorder signal is fed through band pass filter 222, which passes only the high frequency components and the receive-r sinal is passed through band pass filter 224, which also passes only the high frequency components. These signals are mixed in mixer 226 and fed to a frequency discriminator 22% of the type illustrated in FIG- URES 8 and 10. The operation of this circuit is essentially similar to the opera ion of the fore and aft sensng circuits, except that only the highest frequency signals from targets forward of the aircraft are used. In some cases maximum frequency signals both from targets for- Ward and targets aft of the aircraft might be used. The frequency of these signals is directly proportional to air- ;craft Velocity. As has been mentioned previously, the Doppler component of the returned signal reflected by ground targets is dependent both on frequency and aircraft Velocity. Since the Velocity of the aircraft during guidance may be different from that during reconnaissance, the frequency discriminator 228 will provide a direct Voltage output proportional to the frequency difference and thus the Velocity difference. This direct voltage is fed to the frequency stabilizing apparatus 229 which includes a high gain DC. amplier 23h having a feedback path which includes resistor 232. This amplifier provides a direct voltage output which is then fed through amplifier 23al to drive motor 2315. Motor 236 in turn is connected through gearing to the cavities of the klystron oscillators in transmitter '72 and local oscillator 74 to adjust the cavities and thereby control the transmittcr and local oscillator fre uencies. in addition, motor 236 is connected to movable arm 233 of the potentiometer generally indicated at 24%. The resistive element 242 of potentiometer Zil is supplied from a source of direct voltage, illustratively shovv'n as a battery 244. The output from the movable arm of potentiomcter 24-0 is connected through resistor 2% to the input of the amplifier 234 so that it is summed With the output of amplifier 230 to provide servo control for the transmitter and local oscillator frequencies. Thus if there is a transient Velocity change during guidance from that during the reconnaissance run, the frequency of the transmitter will be adjusted so that the received signals will have substantially the same maximum Dc'ppler component as those recorded on the tape recorder. However if the change in Velocity is for a substantial period of time either the aircraft Velocity or the tape speed Will be adjusted by the system. Thus at all times during guidance the frequency of the transmitter will be adjusted so that the maximum received Doppler frequencies are equal to the stored frequencies.

If the tape speed rather than aircraft Velocity is controlled by the fore and aft error measuring circuits during guidance, the stabilizing system will still maintain the frequency of the transmitted signal at the proper value in the following manner. If the aircraft changes from the reconnaissance Velocity to the guidance Velocity, the stabilLZiing circuit will initially maintain the transmitter at a frequency corresponding to the reconnaissance speed. l-owever, because of the Velocity difference between the aircraft and the tape, a positional error between signals from the tape and the received signals will soon be apparent, and the tape speed Will be changed to correct for this positional error. When the tape speed is changed, the transmitter frequency will be corrected by circuits 218 and 22% to maintain the maximum received Doppler frequency and the maximum tape frequency at the same Value.

For large differences between reconnaissance and guidance Velocities, the maximum received signals and tape signals may be outside the indicated pass band of the band pass filters 222 and In this case, the filters may be constructed utilizing reactance tubes, or similar electrically 

1. APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING DEVIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF A FIRST BODY MOVING ALONG A PREDETERMINED PATH WITH RESPECT TO A SECOND BODY, COMPRISING, IN COMBINATION, MEANS CAUSING SAID SECOND BODY TO RADIATE A SIGNAL THEREFROM, A RECEIVER IN SAID FIRST BODY ADAPTED TO RECEIVE A PORTION OF THE SIGNAL FROM THE SECOND BODY, SAID RECEIVED SIGNAL INCLUDING A DOPPLER FREQUENCY SIGNAL RESULTING FROM THE RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN SAID BODIES, SIGNAL STORAGE MEANS IN SAID FIRST BODY FOR STORING SIGNALS CORRESPONDING IN FREQUENCY TO THE DOPPLER FREQUENCY SIGNALS THAT WOULD BE RECEIVED BY SAID FIRST BODY IF TRAVELING SAID PATH WITH A PREDETERMINED RELATIVE VELOCITY WITH RESPECT TO SAID SECOND BODY, AND MEANS FOR COMPARING THE FREQUENCIES OF SAID RECEIVED SIGNAL AND SAID STORED SIGNAL TO THEREBY MEASURE DEVIATIONS IN POSITION OF SAID FIRST BODY WITH RESPECT TO SAID PATH. 